Monday, May 19, 2025
Homeリトアニアの驚き中世都市で最も裕福な男

中世都市で最も裕福な男

ハングマンは、リトアニア大公国における特定の小集団の都市であり、14世紀末に自治権が与えられていました(主にマクデブルクの権利に基づいて)。 市は独自の裁判所を持つ権利があり、ハングマンなしに刑事訴訟を起こして刑を執行することは不可能でした。

マクデブルクの権利は1387年にビリニュスによって受け入れられたので、最初の市庁舎はその当時に建設されたとされています。 典型的な都市規模の法廷、事務所、財務省、書庫、穀物倉庫、武器倉庫がありました。 市庁舎の近くにははりつけの柱があり、必要なときは梁がありました。 市庁舎の建物には今でも、犯罪者の頭が落ちたオークボードが保管されています。 マクデブルクの権利の導入により、重要かつ高給の役職、ハングマンが出現しました。

拷問と様々な処刑は特別な訓練を必要とした。マスターの資格を持つ人だけが、絞首刑執行人の職務をひとりで遂行することができました。リトアニア内でこの専門を学ぶ場所がなかったので、彼らは西ヨーロッパまで出て勉強しなければなりませんでした。彼らは「マスター」または「コタ」と呼ばれ、アシスタントは「サブマスター」または「ステッパー」と呼ばれました。通常特別な赤い服を着ていました。処刑道具は判決によって定められました。特殊な拷問の道具は特別注文に基づいて大工と鍛冶屋によって作られました。

処罰のメニューは窃盗、殺人、その他の事件の捜査結果によって決まりました。町の執行人も教会の判決を執行しました。このように、市の執行人は、正義を守る人として、州全体にとって重要でした。ちなみに当時は、妊娠中の女性および14歳未満の人々を拷問することは禁じられていました。ラテン語でprimo、secundo、tertioの3段階で拷問は段階的に区別されています。執行者たちは、死刑宣告された者に対して拷問と刑を執行しました。彼らは、ペンチで肉をそぎ、頭を切り刻み、身体を切り刻みました、火葬したり、地面に埋めたり、耳を切り刻みました。最もひどい処罰は車輪にする刑でした。罪人の骨を折った後、車のスポークの中に体を入れ、それを長い高いところに持ち上げてすべての住民に見えるようにしました。

西ヨーロッパでは、ハングマンは刑の執行人としてだけでなく、傷を癒したり、食肉処理をしたり、医療手術を行う権利も持っていました。獣は通常ビリニュスの街の外にいました。ビリニュスでは、夜明けの門から外のルドゥンカイに向かって特別なフックで戦っていました。

17世紀の後半と18世紀の間に、助手を持つハングマンは、法と秩序のため他の機能も果たしました。 彼らは市の刑務所にいる囚人の世話をし、死者を埋め、野良動物(犬、猫、豚)を見つけ、通りから動物の死体を取り除き、糞を処理しました。

死刑執行人は、1,000の頭を切った刀は1001人目として死刑執行人自身を襲うという迷信を持っていました。そのため、彼らはしばしばそうなる前に、秘密のアクセスできない場所に刀を埋めました。 治安判事は、新しい道具をそろえる追加の費用を負担を嫌い、これらの迷信を信じませんでした。 例えば、1675年、絞首刑執行人の死後、そのような刀は償還され、次期の予算に入れられました。

「私が刀を持ち上げるとすぐに、それは永遠の命への罪深い願望を示した」と処刑の道具についての碑文が証明されています。 死刑執行人は神の前で彼らの職業を正当化しようとしました。

死刑執行人の仕事は報われました。彼らは市政府の代表以上の報酬のを受け取ったので、経済的に強い都市だけが彼らを雇うことができました(ビリニュス、カウナス、ケダイナイ、モヒレフ、グロドノ、リダ)。ビリニュス市の18世紀の死刑執行人は、拷問、大虐殺の除去、死体埋葬のための余分な収入を考慮に入れずに、300金貨の年間給与を受け取りました。当時の市の職員の平均的な給与は250金貨でした。また執行人は休暇シーズン人ると贈り物が贈られていました。


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